Which of the following is not an application of data science?

 In the context of data science the option which is not an application of data science is option 4 which refers to the civil engineering design. It is the appropriate option for all. Although this field generally does not involve data science as direct use, however, it might use data in the form of structural calculations instead of techniques related to data science.

Data science is widely accepted as an important tool in fields like healthcare and medicine. It is used to analyze the data of the patients, medical records, tests, and the outcomes of the treatments.

In the context of Finance and Banking, the application of data science is acceptable. In this particular field data science is mainly used for fraud detection, risk assessment, credit scoring, and optimizing investments.

The application of data science in E-commerce is accepted by all leading businesses, especially e-commerce companies it assists in finding the patterns of buying, inventory management, price optimization, and analysis of markets.